Agriculture

palas homebirdlife websiteEU website
NWFP website  
 
  Economy > Agriculture  
Overview of Agriculture
Palas presents a challenging physical and social environment for agricultural development. A population of 60,000+ people is scattered in diffuse villages over 1300 sq km of some of the world's most rugged and remote mountain terrain. Many villages lie two or more days' trek from the road-head. Transhumance (the seasonal movement of the entire population) and a prevalence of violent disputes (mostly over land) complicate training and extension. Agro-ecologically, higher altitude land in Palas present difficulties for the introduction of improved crop varieties, while a wide range of improved varieties are available for lower altitudes.

Palas is not self-sufficient in food, crop varieties are not improved and yields very poor. Cropping practices and agricultural implements are primitive and knowledge of improved crop production is very poor.
For most other crops, there is a lack of good seed of improved varieties (and other planting materials). Vegetables and pulses are under-utilised and fruit trees are hardly cultivated despite considerable potential. There is also potential for developing fodder production on fallow agricultural land and village margins.

No or very little fertilisers are used and in most maize areas, fixation of phosphate is a problem, with low concentrations of soil phosphates. Farmyard manure (FYM) is not properly stored, but rather added fresh to the soil. Traditionally Farm Yard Manure is the main source of soil fertility. There is no custom of spraying and in general therefore no protection against pests and diseases. Very primitive agricultural implements are used, however in recent years, ploughing of land by tractor has started in Badakot.

A lack of modern agricultural knowledge extends to most aspects of crop production, and farmers are unable to resolve problems for themselves. Agricultural support services are almost non-existent and poor access and rugged terrain make the import of agricultural inputs costly and difficult. There are no formal rural credit systems, and informal systems are generally exploitative.

Loans from bank or other institutions are not applied for or utilized due to the bureaucratic procedures as well as interest that has to be paid back.
Back to Top

 

Distribution of agricultural Land
In the traditional distribution system, people re-allot their agricultural land over various durations. The situation is reviewed after the end of the allotted duration and the land is distributed again among the people. Prior to the distribution, large lots were determined of the land existing in the concerned villages and in the valley. The lots of the big chunks of agricultural land were generally formed by estimation or on the basis of previous experience. The estimation of a lot depended also on the number of recipient tribes or groups. In the Shin system of Wesh, care has been taken to make sure that the people do not suffer from hunger due to insufficient land.

In Kuz Palas, generally four lots were formed because there are four-sub groups. The permanent and clear system of developing new land on individual basis by clearing forests also exists within this system. According to this, such households or tribes could develop surplus agricultural land by clearing the forests on individual basis. Such land would stay in the individual ownership of that household for 12-24 years before including it in the collective land distribution process. In this way two goals were achieved by carrying out the land distribution. Firstly, new land was available for the growing population, and secondly, the potential shortages in food grain were suppressed (currently, developing land by clearing forests, is restricted.

The last distribution of agricultural land in Daro Palas was carried out during the period of Sadati Khan. The agricultural land of Daro was distributed to only four clans of Darma group i.e. Sorma, Phirie, Derkhana and Bhoe Mugla. In Daro Palas, agricultural land with the Khukamanka exists only at Gadar, which they acquired during distribution by Lal Khan before the time of Sadati Khan (his father). That land distribution had taken place in Zibho (current Shalkanabad) in which they had won the draw and had taken the land of Gadar and Kunsher on their own choice. In all the preceding land distributions, the area from Paro to Urni was always given to the Darma clans and only in Kuz Palas, distributions Back to Top

Distribution of Irrigation System

The system of irrigation for agricultural land, their timetables, construction and maintenance is regulated by the natural

Irrigation Channel
resources distribution. These responsibilities are shifted to the new owner of the land along with the sale of the land. Days of utilization are appointed for irrigation of every "Rat" or "Hor" which can not be changed without the collective consensus.

Owners of land construct and maintain their irrigational channel together under the "Haashar" (community participation) system. They appoint one person, who is called "Wui Sagalo" to look after the large irrigation channels. The irrigation channel is repaired once and handed over to him, after which he maintains it. Food grain is given to him in return for his work, which is paid at the time of maize harvesting. If an owner is absent at the occasion of initial annual repair of the irrigational channel, he is charged one hundred rupees as a fine.Back to Top